News in Veterinary Medicine

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LinkedInTwitterFacebook The mystery of Robinson Crusoe’s seals

By Louise Walsh

Published 30 April 2023

Juan Fernández fur seal

Juan Fernández fur seal

Dr Constanza Toro-Valdivieso has been to the ends of the Earth to collect seal poo.

She’s known as la niña de las cacas, or the poo girl, in the Chilean islands of Juan Fernández.

The samples she collects are providing valuable information about a little-studied species that came back from the brink of extinction.

Her results show these seemingly healthy seals are contaminated by toxic heavy metals.

The only known breeding ground for the Juan Fernández fur seal is an archipelago 500 miles off the coast of Chile in the South Pacific Ocean.

Discovered in the 1500s, the fur seals were then hunted almost to extinction in the centuries that followed. A small number of seals survived and were rediscovered in the 1960s.

Since then, a 30-year hunting ban enabled the population to grow. The ban will be reassessed by the Chilean government in 2025.

Despite this survival story, the species remains poorly understood.

Journey to Robinson Crusoe’s island Constanza Toro-Valdivieso was studying to be a vet in her home country of Chile when she first read about the fur seals of Juan Fernández.

The archipelago is probably best known for the story of Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish privateer marooned there from 1704 to 1709 whose story is thought to have inspired Daniel Defoe’s 1719 novel The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe of York, Mariner. In the hopes of boosting tourism, the Chilean government decided to rename the three islands Alejandro Selkirk, Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara in the 1960s.

Today, this one-time pirate hideout and penal colony is home to one of the least known species of fur seals on the planet.

But reaching them is no small matter. On her 7,600 mile journey from Cambridge to Robinson Crusoe Island, Constanza has met with leaky boats, bad weather and closure of the islands for fire risk.

Why study the fur seals? Because this knowledge would be a valuable contribution to monitoring and managing the protected marine ecosystem around the islands, says Constanza from Cambridge’s Department of Veterinary Medicine.

“Even though Juan Fernández has been identified by UNESCO as being important for its biodiversity, resources for observing and enhancing conservation in the region are scarce,” she explains.

“Identifying and studying ‘charismatic’ species like fur seals can have an essential role in promoting awareness and action. But information on the fur seals is limited and outdated. I wanted to create a ‘benchmark’ of their health so that we can measure changes in the future.”

And the benefits extend beyond protecting the fur seal population to protecting the health of our seas.

“Because these are marine animals, their health tells us about the oceans they inhabit, like a sort of ‘canary in the coalmine’ of the seas. For instance, warming of the seas by climate change affects abundance of prey and mating behaviour.”

Marine pollution is another critical factor...

“A few hundred miles to the west of the Juan Fernández archipelago is a huge area of plastic contamination 18 times the size of the UK.”

“We know that plastic debris, which can be may be micro- or even nano-sized, absorbs toxic heavy metals such as cadmium and mercury released into the seas by human activities like mining and oil extraction.

“We also know that marine mammals can be highly exposed to heavy metals particularly if, as fur seals do, they feed on species like octopus and squid.

“Although the Juan Fernández fur seals live in an almost pristine environment, their foraging grounds coincide with the area of plastic pollution. What effect, we wondered, would this have on them?”

Image captions

• Image 1

  Constanza Toro-Valdivieso (credit: Louise Walsh)

Constanza Toro-Valdivieso (credit: Louise Walsh)

Constanza Toro-Valdivieso (credit: Louise Walsh)

“You’re making your way through a sea of noisy creatures that look at you curiously, deciding how to react, and then a strong smell hits you.” “It’s a mix of rotten fish and ammonia so pungent and unpleasant it brings tears to your eyes.” “But then the excitement kicks in. You’ve found your first sample of fur seal poo. At that moment, I learnt an important lesson, bad smells equal success.” Winning the Poo Collecting poo can tell you a lot about an animal’s well-being because what happens in the gut can be detected in the faeces.

As a veterinary scientist, Constanza knew that valuable clues on health and disease could be revealed through looking at the makeup of the microbiome – the trillions of microorganisms in the gut that support the healthy daily working of the body but can change depending on environmental stress, diet and disease.

She applied for a PhD at the Department of Veterinary Medicine with Dr Barbara Blacklaws, an expert on how the faecal microbiome of wildlife can be used as a non-invasive way to determine the health of populations.

On field trips, National Forest Corporation park rangers helped her with transportation from the small settlement of San Juan Bautista to the seal colonies on uninhabited islands. There she would spend her days searching for seal poo, carefully bagging and logging samples, ready for analysis back in the Cambridge lab.

“I am known by the community of Juan Fernández as la niña de las cacas – the poo girl.”

Several years on from her first field trip in 2016, she has now completed her PhD, and created and analysed a ‘seal poo library’ of over 70 samples.

Toxic discovery Constanza tested the samples she’d collected to see if they showed evidence of contamination. They did. In fact Juan Fernández fur seals are contaminated with one of the highest levels of toxic heavy metals ever reported in an animal.

The recently published research, which she carried out in collaboration with Professor Jonathan Powell, Director of Biomineral Research and Imaging at the Department of Veterinary Medicine, showed very high concentrations of cadmium in the faecal samples,. Concentrations were also high in samples of seal bone found on the beach.

“Cadmium levels were 57 times higher than samples from Antarctic fur seals [supplied by the British Antarctic Survey], and more than 200 times higher than those reported in the faeces collected from children inhabiting a cadmium-polluted mining town in Zambia.”

She started to look for the source. The island soil was free of this contamination. But the seals’ prey was not. Her studies showed that the hepatopancreas (an organ that humans discard when eating octopus) of locally caught octopus showed high concentrations of cadmium.

“We think cadmium enters the food chain after being metabolised by ocean phytoplankton. We don’t yet know whether the source is natural or anthropogenic, but we think it’s likely the food chain is becoming enriched in toxins by pollution,” says Constanza. “Further studies will be needed.”

Another mystery is why the fur seals appear so healthy despite such high levels of a toxic metal known to be associated with osteoporosis. “We may have a clue, but again further research is needed,” she says. “We discovered high levels of silicon in the bones and wonder if the silicon is playing a protective role.”

What does this all mean for the survival of the species?

The absolute numbers of fur seals have been increasing since their rediscovery in the 1960s.

“With the re-assessment of the hunting ban in two years time, I hope that my research will inform policymakers on deciding future strategies on conservation and be a valuable step forward in understanding the threats to the fur seals in this remote part of the world.”

Image captions

• Image 1

  Plastic debris in Juan Fernández

Plastic debris in Juan Fernández

Plastic debris in Juan Fernández

Constanza was funded by the Chilean National Research and Development Agency and a Newnham College travel grant. Her fieldwork would not have been possible without the support of park rangers from the National Forest Corporation (CONAF) and the community of Juan Fernández. She is currently collaborating with Fundacion Endemica, a Chilean non-profit organisation working in the islands, to support the local community to keep learning more about the fur seals.

Published 30 April 2023

With thanks to Constanza Toro-Valdivieso

Written by Louise Walsh
Photography by Constanza Toro-Valdivieso
Film by Jonathan Settle

The text in this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

TopBuilt with Shorthand Hidden tags: storiesSummary: 

Dr Constanza Toro-Valdivieso has been to the ends of the Earth to collect seal poo. Her results show that seemingly healthy seals are contaminated by toxic heavy metals.

Image: Affiliation (schools and institutions): Department of Veterinary MedicineSchool of Clinical MedicinePeople (our academics and staff): Constanza Toro-ValdiviesoBarbara BlacklawsJonathan PowellSubject (including Spotlight on ... where applicable): Sustainable EarthconservationbiodiversityChileEnvironmentpollutionsealsStoriesSection: ResearchNews type: FeaturesSuper Tags: EnvironmentShorthand Story Description/Subtitle: Dr Constanza Toro-Valdivieso has been to the ends of the Earth to collect seal poo. Her results show that seemingly healthy seals are contaminated by toxic heavy metals.Shorthand Story Thumbnail: https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.cam.ac.uk/files/shorthand/238621/hYX6yp1aUt/assets/qZMsYfd7nZ/dscn1183-2560by1440v2-thumbnail.jpg

The vaccine – known as DIOS-CoVax – has been developed by Professor Jonathan Heeney at the University of Cambridge and spin-out company DIOSynVax. It is envisaged as a booster targeting SARS-CoV-2 and relatives that threaten future coronavirus pandemics.

This next generation vaccine is administered through a needle-free ‘injection’ – a blast of air that delivers it into the skin. It has already been part of safety trials conducted at the NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility, but now recruitment is being expanded to Cambridge.

Professor Heeney said: “We’re excited to be bringing our vaccine ‘home’ and are looking to recruit healthy volunteers to help in this crucial stage of development towards what we hope will eventually become a universal coronavirus vaccine.

“Our vaccine is innovative, both in terms of how it aims to protect against thevirus responsible for our current pandemic and future coronaviruses, but also in how it is delivered. If you’re someone who hates needles, our vaccine could be the answer as it’s delivered by a jet of air, not a needle.”

If the clinical trials are successful, the vaccine could be scaled up and manufactured as a powder to boost global vaccination efforts, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

The clinical trials team at Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust is looking for healthy volunteers aged 18-50 to take part in the study. Volunteers will receive payment for their time, and participation on the trial will last around 12 months with volunteers attending 11 visits. To find out more, contact the Project Management Team at cuh.dioscovaxtrial@nhs.net.

Funding for the development of the vaccine has come from Innovate UK, part of UK Research and Innovation.

DIOSynVax is a spin-out company from the University of Cambridge, established in 2017 with the support of Cambridge Enterprise, the University’s commercialisation arm. Professor Heeney is a Fellow at Darwin College, Cambridge.

Read more at: Cambridge coronavirus vaccine enters clinical trial

Recruitment is underway in Cambridge for volunteers to take part in clinical trials of a revolutionary new needle-free vaccine to protect against SARS-CoV-2 – the virus that causes COVID-19 – and related coronanviruses.

CoronavirusCOVID-19vaccinespotlight on future therapeuticsspotlight on innovationJonathan HeeneyDIOSynVaxSchool of the Biological SciencesDepartment of Veterinary MedicineLaboratory of Viral ZoonoticsCambridge Infectious DiseasesCambridge EnterpriseCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustWe’re excited to be bringing our vaccine ‘home’ and are looking to recruit healthy volunteers to help in this crucial stage of developmentJonathan HeeneyLloyd Mann (University of Cambridge)Vaccine being administered by needle-free injection into a volunteer's arm

The text in this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Images, including our videos, are Copyright ©University of Cambridge and licensors/contributors as identified.  All rights reserved. We make our image and video content available in a number of ways – as here, on our main website under its Terms and conditions, and on a range of channels including social media that permit your use and sharing of our content under their respective Terms.

YesLicence type: AttributionNews type: NewsSuper Tags: Health and medicine

Transmissible cancers, which occur only rarely in the animal kingdom, are spread by the transfer of living cancer cells. In the case of Tasmanian devils, the cells are transferred through biting – a behaviour that is common in devils especially in fights over mates and food.

Tasmanian devils are susceptible to two fatal transmissible cancers called devil facial tumour 1 (DFT1) and devil facial tumour 2 (DFT2) that have caused rapid population decline in recent decades. The two cancers both manifest with disfiguring facial tumours.

In a new study, University of Cambridge researchers, together with a global team of scientists from Europe, Australia and the United States, mapped the emergence and mutations of DFT1 and DFT2 and characterised these cancers’ ongoing evolution. The findings underline the continued threat that transmissible cancers pose to Tasmanian devils.

The results are published today in the journal Science.

“The incredible fact that Tasmanian devils have not one, but two, transmissible cancers, makes it possible to compare their evolution, and this gives us new insights into the key mechanisms involved,” said lead author Elizabeth Murchison, Professor of Comparative Oncology and Genetics at the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge.

“By looking at the mutations that have accumulated in these cancers’ DNA, we can trace the origins and evolution of these diseases. Our results show that the two cancers arose through similar processes and that both have striking signals of ongoing evolution. It is difficult to predict how this continued cancer evolution will impact devils.”

The researchers created an improved ‘reference genome’ – essentially a map of the entire DNA sequence – of the Tasmanian devil and compared this to DNA taken from 119 DFT1 and DFT2 tumours. DFT1 was first observed in 1996 in Tasmania’s northeast and is now widespread throughout Tasmania. DFT2, on the other hand, was first observed in 2014 and remains confined to a small area in Tasmania’s southeast. The scientists identified mutations in the tumours and used these to build ‘family trees’ of how the two cancers had each independently arisen and evolved over time.

By tracking mutations the researchers discovered that DFT2 acquired mutations about three times faster than DFT1. As mutations usually occur during cell division, the most likely explanation is that DFT2 is a faster growing cancer than DFT1, say the researchers, underlining the importance of DFT2 as a threat.

“DFT2 is still not widespread in the devil population, and very little is known about it. We were really startled to see just how quickly it was mutating, alerting us to what could be a very unpredictable threat to the devils in the long term,” said Maximilian Stammnitz, first author of the study.  

The team found that DFT1 arose in the 1980s, up to 14 years before it was first observed, whereas DFT2 emerged between 2009 and 2012, only shortly before it was detected.

Mapping the mutations revealed that DFT1 underwent an explosive transmission event shortly after it emerged. This involved a single infected devil transmitting its tumour to at least six recipient devils.

DFT1 has now spread throughout almost the entire devil population and has recently been reported in the far northwest of Tasmania, one of the few remaining disease-free regions of the state.

Researchers also identified for the first time an instance of DFT1 transmission between a mother and the young in her pouch. Additionally, they found that the incubation period – the time between infection and the emergence of symptoms – can in some cases be a year or more. These findings have important implications for conservation scientists working to protect the species.

“I come from Tasmania and love Tasmanian devils – they have a special place in my heart,” said Murchison. “Transmissible cancers pose an unprecedented and unpredictable threat to Tasmanian devils. This research highlights the continuing importance of monitoring and conservation programmes. It also gives us new insights into the evolutionary mechanisms operating in cancer more broadly, including in human cancers.”

The research was funded by Wellcome, the Gates Cambridge Trust and Eric Guiler Tasmanian Devil Research Grants from the University of Tasmania Foundation.

Reference: M. R. Stammnitz et al. The evolution of two transmissible cancers in Tasmanian devils, Science, DOI: 10.1126/science.abq6453

Scientists have traced the family trees of two transmissible cancers that affect Tasmanian devils and have pinpointed mutations which may drive growth of deadly diseases.

animal healthGenomicsCancerMax StammnitzElizabeth MurchisonWellcome Sanger InstituteDepartment of Veterinary MedicineSchool of Biological SciencesSchool of the Biological SciencesTransmissible cancers pose an unprecedented and unpredictable threat to Tasmanian devils.Professor Elizabeth MurchisonMax StammnitzTasmanian Devil

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YesRelated Links: Could cancer drugs help save the Tasmanian devil?News type: NewsSuper Tags: EnvironmentScience

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LinkedInTwitterFacebook Preventing genetic diseases in dogs, our best friends How genetics and DNA testing can pave the way for all puppies to be born free from hereditary illnesses 

By Charis Goodyear

Border Collie, Kaia

Border Collie, Kaia

“Dogs are special; they were the first species to be domesticated and for the past 30,000 years, have evolved alongside humans,” says Dr Cathryn Mellersh, a senior research associate at the Department of Veterinary Medicine. “They read our body language, show empathy when we’re upset and often prefer the company of a person over their own species – all testament to how intertwined we are with the domestic dog.” 

“But the health and wellbeing of many dogs today has been compromised because of how they have been bred by humans. I believe that we owe it to dogs to do right by their species.”

Cathryn Mellersh by Lloyd Mann

Cathryn Mellersh by Lloyd Mann

Mellersh has dedicated her life to canine genetics and her passion is palpable. During the 1990s she identified some of the earliest genetic markers (a DNA sequence with a known physical location on a chromosome) in dogs and was part of the team who produced the first map of the canine genome.

She went on to establish and lead a research group investigating the genetic basis of some of the most painful and life-limiting inherited diseases including painful and blinding eye diseases, epilepsy, and intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) which in the most severe cases can result in paralysis.

Testing alongside breeding

Mellersh’s research group identifies the genetic variants and mutations that underpin these serious inherited diseases and develops tests to spot which dogs carry these. To date the researchers have pinpointed more than 30 genetic mutations that affect around 50 different dog breeds. As a result of their work, hundreds of thousands of dogs across the world have been screened for these mutations, meaning that thousands more can be born free of debilitating diseases.

“It's about prevention rather than a cure,” explains Mellersh, who spends a lot of time working with breeders to help them understand how they can use DNA tests to make decisions on which dogs to breed so that hereditary illnesses are not passed on to puppies. “The ultimate aim is to breed-out inherited diseases.”

SolStock / E+ via Getty Images

SolStock / E+ via Getty Images

Mellersh explains that mutations in populations can decrease by as much as 90% when testing is used alongside breeding. “For the mutation to decrease in just a few generations to almost nothing is really significant,” she says.

Records from The Kennel Club, an organisation that holds the largest register for pedigree and crossbreed dogs in the UK, show that 52,000 dogs have been tested for 22 different mutations that Mellersh’s group identified, in 46 breeds. Overall, 380,000 Kennel Club dogs are registered as ‘hereditary clear’, meaning owners can breed them safe in the knowledge that illnesses won’t be passed on.

Border Collie, Kaia by Lloyd Mann.

Border Collie, Kaia by Lloyd Mann.

In 2020, Mellersh’s research group moved from The Animal Health Trust to the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, opening up opportunities to collaborate more closely with clinical colleagues. She explains how her group draws on the expertise of vets when seeking to match a mutation or genetic variation with a disease. Vets can advise on the symptoms displayed aiding an accurate diagnosis. In turn, Mellersh’s understanding of genetics is helping her veterinary colleagues to understand more about the underlying causes of the diseases they see in clinic.

Now firmly embedded in the Department, Mellersh and her team are turning their attention to complex diseases like Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) and Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), which are caused by a combination of mutations and physiology.

Preventing paralysis

Mellersh has been working with Principal Clinical Neurologist Dr Paul Freeman, who specialises in IVDD – essentially spinal cord damage caused by slipped disks. The disease is prevalent in dogs that have been bred to have short legs in comparison to their body size. IVDD affects some of the most popular breeds of dogs – French bulldogs, dachshunds and cocker spaniels. Sadly, IVDD will develop in around 20% of dachshunds, with as many as 25% of those being euthanised as a result.

“Currently the gold standard for dogs who suffer from paralysis caused by IVDD is to have surgery,” explains Freeman. “However, this is unavailable or unaffordable for some owners, often leading to dogs being put down.”

Paul Freeman by Lloyd Mann

Paul Freeman by Lloyd Mann

Freeman says that owners are sometimes given the impression that surgery is the only option, but his recent research indicates that with time, physiotherapy and pain management, many of these affected dogs can still recover. Freeman is keen to stress that surgery may still be the optimum approach in severe cases of IVDD, but that many dogs may still recover without it.

“This disease is incredibly common and seems to be becoming more frequent probably due to the huge growth in popularity of susceptible breeds such as the dachshund and French bulldog” adds Freeman. “Currently the best way we have to try to reduce the frequency is through a pre-breeding X-ray scheme in dachshunds, but a genetic test would be incredibly useful.”

Credit: Lorado / E+ via Getty Images

Credit: Lorado / E+ via Getty Images

And what of the argument that humans shouldn’t breed these dogs at all?

“I think it would be huge shame if we lost these breeds,” says Freeman. “We need to continue research aimed at understanding the disease better, looking for ways to reduce its incidence as well as develop more widely available treatments.”

Advocating for open airways

Across the Department from Freeman is Dr Jane Ladlow, expert in Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), a condition that occurs in brachycephalic or ‘short-headed’ breeds. These include French bulldogs, bulldogs, pugs, pekingeses, shih tzus, Japanese chins, boxers and Boston terriers. BOAS is caused by selective breeding for exaggerated features like flat faces which means dogs struggle to breathe.

Jane Ladlow with Frenchie, Josie Saxton, by Lloyd Mann

Jane Ladlow with Frenchie, Josie Saxton, by Lloyd Mann

Ladlow recalls operating on a bulldog early in her career and questioning how much the surgery had really improved its breathing which still sounded laboured. This led her down a path that would see her developing the first device to measure dogs’ respiratory function along with a corresponding grading scheme for assessment.

Twenty years later, Ladlow is at the forefront of BOAS research and advocacy for brachycephalic breeds. Her work has led to the revision of breed standards, for example dogs must now have open nostrils and there has been some moderation on stipulation for extremely short sizes of muzzles.

Josie Saxton by Lloyd Mann

Josie Saxton by Lloyd Mann

“These dogs are incredibly popular,” says Ladlow, “They are good friends and companions to people. These animals often hugely improve people’s quality of life but it’s not fair if the dog is suffering – we need to make sure they are healthy.”

Film by artist Alina Radzhput produced in collaboration with Jane Ladlow and Fran Tomlinson as part of Creative Encounters, an engagement initiative run by the University.

Mellersh and her team will be exploring the genetic basis of IVDD and BOAS to support the work of Freeman and Ladlow. She says, “it’s important that we have the genetic and clinical expertise – bringing these two aspects together gives us a unique positioning and strength when it comes to identifying and preventing genetic diseases in dogs, man’s best friend.”

Contact Dr Mellersh to find out more about her work or support the group’s research: cm935@cam.ac.uk

Published 20 April 2023
With thanks to:

Paul Freeman
Jane Ladlow
Cathryn Mellersh

Words:
Charis Goodyear

Photography:
Lloyd Mann
Lorado / E+ via Getty Images
SolStock / E+ via Getty Images

TopBuilt with Shorthand Summary: 

How genetics and DNA testing can pave the way for all puppies to be born free from hereditary illnesses.

Image: Affiliation (schools and institutions): Department of Veterinary MedicineSchool of Biological SciencesPeople (our academics and staff): Paul FreemanJane LadlowCathryn MellershSubject (including Spotlight on ... where applicable): geneticsdogsSection: ResearchNews type: FeaturesSuper Tags: ScienceTechnologyShorthand Story Description/Subtitle: How genetics and DNA testing can pave the way for all puppies to be born free from hereditary illnesses Shorthand Story Thumbnail: https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.cam.ac.uk/files/shorthand/238551/KQlJrcMlg4/assets/6eL9v7Mp2E/369a8685-thumbnail.jpg

This means that animal welfare can now, for the first time, be properly considered alongside other impacts of farming to help identify which farming systems are best.

This is vital for improving animal welfare in livestock production, at a time when demand for meat is rising globally and the way animals are farmed is changing - with concerns about the welfare of intensive and indoor systems.

Animal welfare assessments could also enable consumers to be better informed when choosing what to eat.

Britain has various labelling schemes for meat products to assure consumers that certain standards have been met. The team used their new system to test how the different labels compare in terms of animal welfare.

Farms producing ‘woodland’ labelled pork products scored best for pig welfare, followed by ‘organic’, then free-range, RSPCA assured, Red Tractor, and finally those with no certification.

“We have shown that it’s possible to reliably assess animal welfare on farms. This means decisions about which types of farm are better or worse for animal welfare can be based on proper calculations, rather than assumptions – as is currently the case,” said Dr Harriet Bartlett, first author of the study, who carried out this work while a researcher at the University of Cambridge’s Department of Veterinary Medicine. She is now a Research Associate in Sustainable Food Solutions at the University of Oxford.

Bartlett added: “Now animal welfare can be included in overall assessments of farm sustainability alongside other measures like carbon emissions and biodiversity impacts, so we can make better informed decisions about how we choose to farm and what we choose to eat.”

Coming up with an overall measurement of animal welfare has previously been difficult because of disagreement on which factors are most important. For example, is a health problem more important than a behaviour problem? What level of welfare is good enough?

The new system assesses the quality of an animal’s life through a wide-ranging set of welfare measurements, reflecting a range of concerns about welfare. The results can be integrated into a single score to enable comparison across farms.

This will enable exploration of trade-offs between animal welfare and other issues of concern to consumers, such as the impact of farming on the environment.

The results are published today in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

Assessment of the pigs looked at everything from health problems like coughing, sneezing, and lameness, to the way they interacted: biting each other’s ears or tails, or engaging with their environment, for example.

Various scoring methods were tested - giving more or less weight to the different aspects of animal welfare - on 74 pig farming systems in the UK. The team were surprised to find that each method gave broadly the same overall result in terms of which farms, and types of farms, performed best and worst.

“Despite ongoing debate about how to measure animal welfare, we found we can identify which types of farms we might want to encourage and which we shouldn’t with reasonable consistency,” said Professor Andrew Balmford in the University of Cambridge’s Department of Zoology, who was involved in the study.

The new welfare measurements combine quality of life with length of life, and scores can be produced ‘per unit’ of production. The welfare scores can also allow several farms to be grouped together – for example when animals are kept on different farms at different growth stages.

“This work opens up possibilities for greater rolling out of welfare assessment scores in food labelling, including in other species as well as pigs. Until now, the methods available have made this impractical,” said Professor James Wood at the University of Cambridge’s Department of Veterinary Medicine, who was involved in the study.

The technique of ‘Life Cycle Assessment’ is widely used to quantify environmental impacts, such as greenhouse gas emissions and land use, across all stages of farm animal production. But until now there hasn’t been a way of measuring animal welfare that enables valid comparisons across different farming systems, so Life Cycle Assessments do not include it and as a result, welfare concerns have sometimes been overlooked.

Food production accounts for over a quarter of all global greenhouse gas emissions. Making farming systems more sustainable, in the face of growing global demand for meat, is a major challenge for farmers and the government.

‘Woodland’ labelled pork is from farms that provide at least partial tree cover for the pigs, and ‘Organic’ provides outdoor access for the animals. The ‘RSPCA assured’ label is welfare focused, while ‘Free range’ is not a formal assurance, but typically refers to fully outdoor farming systems. Most UK pig farms produce ‘Red Tractor’ labelled pork, which has lower production costs – translating to a lower price for consumers.

This research was funded by the BBSRC, the Royal Society, MRC, and The Alborada Trust.

Reference

Bartlett, H. et al: ‘Advancing the quantitative characterisation of farm animal welfare.’ Proc Roy Soc B. March 2023. DOI 10.1098/rspb.2023.0120

Cambridge University scientists have come up with a system of measuring animal welfare that enables reliable comparison across different types of pig farming.

sustainabilityfood securityanimal researchHarriet BartlettAndrew BalmfordMark HolmesJames WoodDepartment of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of ZoologyClare CollegeGonville and Caius CollegeWolfson CollegeChurchill CollegeCambridge Global Food Security Interdisciplinary Research CentreSchool of the Biological SciencesHarriet BartlettPigs on a farm

The text in this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Images, including our videos, are Copyright ©University of Cambridge and licensors/contributors as identified.  All rights reserved. We make our image and video content available in a number of ways – as here, on our main website under its Terms and conditions, and on a range of channels including social media that permit your use and sharing of our content under their respective Terms.

YesLicence type: AttributionNews type: NewsSuper Tags: EnvironmentScience

A global strategy is launched today to coordinate the complex research activities necessary for a new approach to coronavirus vaccine development. The aim is to develop more effective, longer lasting vaccines against continually emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, and against new coronaviruses that may emerge in the future.

The Coronavirus Vaccines Research and Development Roadmap (CVR) is led by the US Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP) at the University of Minnesota. It is the product of an international collaboration of 50 scientific experts from around the world, who forged a unified strategy to make these critically needed vaccines a reality.

“The response of the scientific and medical communities to the development and delivery of COVID-19 vaccines has been incredible, but as new variants emerge and immunity begins to wane we need newer technologies. It’s vital that we continue to develop vaccine candidates to help keep us safe from the next virus threats,” said Professor Jonathan Heeney, Head of the Lab of Viral Zoonotics at the University of Cambridge and advisor on the international CVR Taskforce.

Heeney, who is also a Fellow at Darwin College, Cambridge, is leading an ongoing clinical trial to evaluate an innovative coronavirus vaccine he developed at the University of Cambridge and spin-out company DIOSynVax. Administered needle-free using a blast of air, the vaccine primes the immune system to give a broader protective response to coronaviruses and is a step towards developing a future-proofed coronavirus vaccine.

Last year DIOSynVax was awarded $42 million from the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and the UK Government to support this work.

“The COVID-19 pandemic marks the third time in just twenty years that a coronavirus has emerged to cause a public health crisis,” said Michael T. Osterholm, PhD, MPH, CIDRAP director, University of Minnesota Regents Professor and McKnight Presidential Endowed Chair in Public Health.

He added: “The COVID-19 pandemic taught us the hard lesson that we must be better prepared. Rather than waiting for a fourth coronavirus to emerge — or for the arrival of an especially dangerous SARS-CoV-2 variant — we must act now to develop better, longer lasting and more broadly protective vaccines. If we wait for the next event to happen before we act, we will be too late.”

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 was preceded by an epidemic in 2003 caused by a different coronavirus called SARS-CoV. Then, in 2012, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, or MERS-CoV, emerged. Coronaviruses can carry a high risk of death: for MERS-CoV, about one third of infections result in death, and approximately one in ten for SARS-CoV, although neither spreads easily from person to person.

In contrast, SARS-CoV-2, the virus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic, has a much lower fatality rate, but because it is so highly infectious between people, it had caused worldwide more than 650 million confirmed cases and 6.6 million deaths by the end of 2022. Even more concerning is the threat of a new coronavirus in the future that could be both highly transmissible and highly lethal. In addition, the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants may further jeopardise the significant protection provided by current vaccines against severe disease and death.

The CVR confronts these extraordinary threats with a detailed, comprehensive and coordinated plan to accelerate the development of long-lasting, broadly protective coronavirus vaccines capable of preventing severe disease and death, and potentially protect against infection and transmission. The CVR further emphasises the goal that future broadly protective vaccines must be suitable for all regions worldwide, including remote areas and low- and middle-income countries.

The report highlights different paths to success. One approach could involve a stepwise process, starting with vaccines to protect against variants of SARS-CoV-2. Another approach could focus on vaccines capable of protecting against multiple types of coronaviruses, including those likely to spill over from animals to humans in the future.

The CVR summarises key barriers and gaps and outlines specific goals and milestones for advancing broadly protective coronavirus vaccines. The work is organised into five topic areas:

• Virology. Developing broadly protective coronavirus vaccines requires learning more about the global distribution of coronaviruses circulating in animal reservoirs that have the potential to spill over to humans.
• Immunology. Scientists need to learn more about human immunology, including research that will expand the breadth and durability of immune protection from vaccines and natural infection. Improved understanding of mucosal immunity may unlock new strategies to block infection.
• Vaccinology. Identifying key preferred product characteristics will inform priorities and strategies for vaccine R&D and accelerate discovery. Leveraging new technologies and identifying the best methods to assess vaccine efficacy will further catalyse critical advancements.
• Animal and human infection models for vaccine research. The limited availability of a range suitable animal models is a key barrier to developing broadly protective coronavirus vaccines. Additionally, work is needed to explore the potential role for the safe and effective use of controlled human infection models in coronavirus vaccine research.
• Policy and financing. The successful development and global distribution of broadly protective coronavirus vaccines will require reinvigorating and sustaining a high level of political commitment and long-term investment in vaccine R&D and manufacturing.

“The vaccines that we currently have for COVID-19 are the most important tool that we have in our battle against the pandemic,” said Charlie Weller, PhD, Head of Prevention, Infectious Diseases, at the Wellcome Trust. “But we can do better – by developing vaccines that give us broader protection – protection against new variants, protection from coronaviruses that have not yet emerged but might cause the next pandemic. We can discover new ways to deliver vaccines, such as skin patches or intranasal vaccines – and maybe even vaccines that could block transmission. This roadmap creates the structured plan that will give us the tools we need to better protect ourselves, our families and our communities around the world.”

The report was developed with funding from The Rockefeller Foundation and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

A scientific webinar on the CVR is planned for Thursday, April 20, 2023, 10:00-11:00 EDT. Register for the webinar here.

Reference

Moore, K.A. "A Research and Development (R&D) Roadmap for Broadly Protective Coronavirus Vaccines: A Pandemic Preparedness Strategy." February 2023, Vaccine. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.032

Plan will accelerate a new approach to coronavirus vaccines research and development, to protect against COVID-19 variants and future pandemic threats from new coronaviruses

Infectious diseasesCOVID-19pandemicJonathan HeeneyUniversity of MinnesotaDIOSynVaxDepartment of Veterinary MedicineDarwin CollegeCambridge Infectious DiseasesSchool of the Biological SciencesIt’s vital that we continue to develop vaccine candidates to help keep us safe from the next virus threatsJonathan HeeneyAndriy Onufriyenko, GettyCOVID-19 variants

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